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Cystic Hygroma in Adulthood - A Case Report |
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Anandaravi Bn, Jagadish Kumar Cd, Veeresh M Annigeri, Nithin Kb, Supritha J 1. Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, MMCRI, Mysore Medical College, Karnataka, India. 2. Postgraduate Trainee, Department of General Surgery, MMCRI, Mysore Medical College, Karnataka, India. 3. Postgraduate Trainee, Department of General Surgery, MMCRI, Mysore Medical College, Karnataka, India. 4. Postgraduate Trainee, Department of General Surgery, MMCRI, Mysore Medical College, Karnataka, India. 5. Intern, Department of General Surgery, MMCRI, Mysore Medical College, Karnataka, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Dr. Jagadish Kumar CD, #1188,1st Floor,3rd Cross, 4th Main, Aravindanagar, Mysore, Karnataka-570023, India. Phone : 7259759549, 7676785101 E-mail: drjagadishkumarcd@gmail.com |
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| ABSTRACT |  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
: Cystic Hygroma or Cystic Lymphagioma is a rare tumour of lymphatic origin, which is considered to be a congenital malformation of the lymphatic vessels due to failure of blind clusters of lymph sacs to join the lymphatic system during development. 90% of cases are diagnosed by age of 2 years. Very rarely for unknown reasons it can present in adults (mainly in cervicofacial region). Complete excision is the treatment of choice but total removal is difficult in all cases due to its extent and involvement of vital structures. Recurrence rate of 20% is reported even after meticulous care to avoid leaving behind island of tissue which acts as foci of recurrence. A 25 year old female patient presentedto our hospital with progressive painless swelling in the left side of neck associated with discomfort while moving her neck to left side. After radiological imaging and other investigations, excision of cystic swelling was done under GA without any damage to vital structures. Post operative period was uneventful and patient was discharged 3 days after surgery. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Keywords : Lymphangioma, Recurrence, Transilluminant | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| DOI and Others : | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Case Report |
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A 25 year-old female complaint of a swelling in left side of neck for the past 2 years, which is progressive and painless. She also complaints of discomfort on moving her neck to the left side. No history of dysphagia / dyspnea / hoarseness of voice / low-grade fever / loss of weight. No past history of trauma neck mass. On examination 9x10cm Swelling involving the left side of neck (Table/Fig 1), was found smelling was non-tender, cystic in consistency, with smooth surface, margins well defined, fluctuant and transillumination test was positive, (non-pulsatile, non-compressible). The trachea was central in location and carotid was palpable at normal position. No cervical lymphadenopathy. Ultrasonography of neck showed cystic lesion with septations containing clear fluid without thoracic extension. Under general anaesthesia, through a transverse skin incision, subplatysmal flaps were raised and the sternocleidomastoid muscle was retracted to expose the multiloculated cystic lesion throughout its extent. The Cyst got ruptured while dissecting till the margins. Complete excision of cyst was done without injuring important nerves and vessels (Table/Fig 2) (a,b). The postoperative course was uneventful and patient was discharged on post operative day 3 and followed up for 3 months Gross specimen contains multiloculated masses composed of many cysts (Table/Fig 3). Histopathology revealed connective tissue stroma filled with lymphoid cells separating the cystically dilated spaces (Table/Fig 4) (a,b). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Discussion |
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Cystic hygroma was originally reported by Redenbacker in 1828 and the name was first given by Wernher in 1834 (1). Cystic hygroma is a benign congenital malformation of the lymphatic system, occurs as a result of sequestration of developing lymph vessels (2). Cystic Lymphagioma occurs approximately 1 in 12000 births. Usually presents within 2 year of age, 50-60% by the end of 1st year, almost 80-90% before the end of 2nd year (3). Prenatally diagnosed Cystic hygroma are associated with Turners syndrome, Noonan’s syndrome, fetal hydrops.Very rarely for unknown reasons it can be present in adults (mainly in cervicofacial region) (4). Trauma and infection have both been suggested as possible triggers for onset (5). McGill and Mulliken (6) in 1993 classified Cystic hygroma based on CT, anatomical location, and histology. Type I malformations or classic cystic hygroma are macrocystic and develop below the mylohyoid muscle. They involve the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck. Type II malformations are microcystic and invasive and are found in the neck above the level of the mylohyoid. They usually involve the lip, tongue, and oral cavity and are difficult to resect. Most common sites are posterior triangle of neck (75%), axilla (20%), mediastinum (5%), abdomen (liver, spleen, and colon), groin, pneumoperitoneum (kidney), scrotum, pelvic space, breast (7),(8). Cystic hygroma presented in adulthood are usually asymptomatic. On physical examination Painless, Fluctuant, Tran- silluminable cystic swelling noted. Lymphangiomas are best visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); the high water content allows Lymphangiomas to appear hyperintense on T2-weighted images (9). Histopathology shows thin connective-tissue stroma separating the cystically dilated spaces lined by a single layer of benign endothelial cells. Differential diagnoses are Haemangioma, branchial cyst, Hamartoma, Lipoma, Cold abscess, Thyroid mass and Meningomyelocele. Complications of cystic hygroma [are due to pressure effects (a) Neural encroachment symptoms like facial paralysis, vocal cord paralysis and shoulder weakness, (b) Dysphagia (pressure over esophagus), (c) Dyspnea (pressure over trachea), (d) Infection, (e) Sepsis and (f) Fistula formation (10),(11). Infection within the cyst is usually caused by streptococcus or staphylococcus species (12). Cystic Hygroma never undergo spontaneous regression. Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice (14),(14),(15). Care should be taken to avoid injury to important structures like Accessory cranial, Hypoglossal, Vagus, Lingual, lower branches of Facial nerves, Carotid sheath contents (14),(14),(15). Recurrence rate after complete surgical excision is 20% (14). Marsupialization, injection of Sclerosing agents, a steroids, diathermy and radiotherapy in unresectable or persistent cases can also be tried. Sclerosing agents used are OK432 (16) (a lyophilized mixture of group A streptococcus pyogenes of human origin), 50% dextrose, Triamcinalone, Bleomycin, Fibrin sealant and Hydrocolloid impression material. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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