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Morphological and Morphometric Evaluation of Clavicular Nutrient Foramina in Dry Bones: A Cross-sectional Study from Haryana, India |
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Sonia Beniwal, Prachi Saffar Aneja, Geetika Arya, Savita Bansal, Kamaljeet Bhambhu 1. PhD Scholar, Department of Anatomy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. 2. Professor and Head, Department of Anatomy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India. 3. Demonstrator, Department of Anatomy, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India. 4. Professor and Head, Department of Pathology, Manav Rachna Dental College SDS, MRIIRS, Faridabad, Haryana, India. 5. Cardiopulmonary Therapist, Department of CTVS, Fortis Hospital Manesar, Gurugram, Haryana, India. |
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Correspondence Address : Dr. Kamaljeet Bhambhu, Cardiopulmonary Therapist, Department of CTVS, Fortis Hospital Manesar, Gurugram-122052, Haryana, India. E-mail: kamaljeetbhambhu@gmail.com |
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| ABSTRACT |  | ||||||
: Introduction: Nutrient foramina play a critical role in supplying blood to the clavicle, and their variations are of clinical significance in orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeries. However, limited data are available on their morphology and distribution in the Indian population. Aim: To analyse the number, location, direction, and foraminal index of nutrient foramina in adult human clavicles. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 dry adult human clavicles (50 right, 50 left) of unknown age and gender from the Department of Anatomy, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India from May 2025 to September 2025. Each clavicle was examined for the presence, number, location and direction of nutrient foramina. Morphometric parameters, including clavicular length, distance of foramina from the sternal end, and foraminal index, were measured using a digital Vernier calliper. Results: Nutrient foramina were present in 98% of clavicles 49/50 on each side single foramina predominated 31 (63.3% left, 69.4% right), followed by double 13 (26.5% both sides) and triple 5 (10.2% left, 4.1% right). Most foramina were located in the middle third 43 (84.3% left, 84.3% right), followed by the lateral third 6 (11.8% left, 7.8% right) and the medial third 2 (3.9% left, 7.8% right). The majority (99%) of foramina were directed towards the acromial end. The mean clavicle length was 135.27 mm, the mean distance of foramina from the sternal end was 72.96 mm, and the mean foraminal index was 53.95. Most foramina were located in the middle third and commonly situated on the posterior surface (67%), followed by the inferior surface (39%). Conclusion: The clavicle typically contains a single nutrient foramen, situated in the middle third on the posterior surface and directed laterally. | |||||||
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| Keywords : Clavicle, Foraminal index, Nutrient foramina, Segmental location, Variations | |||||||
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DOI and Others :
DOI: 10.7860/IJARS/2026/84766.3092
Date of Submission: Oct 06, 2025 Date of Peer Review: Dec 30, 2025 Date of Acceptance: Feb 16, 2026 Date of Publishing: Mar 01, 2026 AUTHOR DECLARATION: • Financial or Other Competing Interests: None • Was Ethics Committee Approval obtained for this study? Yes • Was informed consent obtained from the subjects involved in the study? No • For any images presented appropriate consent has been obtained from the subjects. NA PLAGIARISM CHECKING METHODS: • Plagiarism X-checker: Oct 10, 2025 • Manual Googling: Feb 09, 2025 • iThenticate Software: Feb 14, 2025 (8%) ETYMOLOGY: Author Origin EMENDATIONS: 6 |
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